Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from aquatic systems are generally derived from the gradient in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) between air and surface waters. In this study, we compare real-time measurements of water pCO2 using an equilibrator and non-dispersive infrared gas detector, with calculations based on pH and total alkalinity (TA) in two contrasting Brazilian estuaries: Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro) and the São Francisco River Estuary (Alagoas). In Guanabara Bay, the measured and calculated values showed an excellent agreement (R2 = 0.95, p < 0.0001), without significant statistical differences between the two methods. In the São Francisco River Estuary, where the entire gradient from freshwaters to seawater could be sampled, important overestimates were found for the calculated pCO2. The overestimation was on average 71%, and reached up to 737%. This large bias in pCO2 calculation was verified at low pH and TA concentrations in freshwaters (pH < 7.5; TA < 700 µmol kg-1) possibly due to the contribution of organic alkalinity, lowering the buffer capacity of the carbonate system. As such, direct measurements of pCO2 should be considered as a priority for CO2 studies conducted in estuarine systems, particularly tropical systems where physical and biological processes are prone to significant spatial and temporal variability.

Processos físicos e biogeoquímicos em plataformas continentais agem sinergicamente, tanto transportando, quanto transformando o material em suspensão, enquanto a dinâmica do oceano controla a dispersão destas partículas pela zona costeira e sua posterior mistura na plataforma continental. O sistema de ressurgência de Cabo Frio, localizado na região Sudeste do Brasil, se caracteriza por ser um região de alta produtividade sob a influência da Corrente do Brasil, uma corrente de contorno oeste oligotrófica, mas também com uma zona de ressurgência costeira induzida pelo vento, o que produz as intrusões das águas frias e ricas em nutrientes da Água Central do Atlântico Sul sob a plataforma. Visando entender as interações sinergéticas entre os processos físicos e biogeoquímicos neste sistema, uma série de quatro experimentos com armadilhas de sedimentos e outros sensores físicos foram fundeados na isóbata de 145 metros, no período entre novembro de 2010 e março de 2012. Um total de 98 amostras discretas foram analisadas. Os resultados mostraram que o transporte lateral pode ser importante em alguns casos, especialmente nas camadas mais profundas. Embora não tenha sido detectado nenhum ciclo sazonal claro, dois cenários de acoplamento físicogeoquímicos foram identificados: eventos de subsidência que produzem um aumento nos fluxos de partículas e são potencialmente relacionados às oscilações da Corrente do Brasil; e eventos de fluxos significativos relacionados com a intrusão da isoterma de 18°C na zona eufótica. As partículas em suspensão na plataforma continental de Cabo Frio representam uma mistura de fontes marinhas e continentais. Tanto o Rio Paraíba do Sul quanto a Baía de Guanabara podem ser potenciais fontes continentais, embora o material particulado possa ainda estar sujeito a intensa transformação (diagênese) durante sua trajetória para a borda da plataforma continental.

Physical and biogeochemical processes in continental shelves act synergistically in both transporting and transforming suspended material, and ocean dynamics control the dispersion of particles by the coastal zone and their subsequent mixing and dilution within the shelf area constrained by oceanic boundary currents, followed by their gradual settling in a complex sedimentary scenario. One of these regions is the Cabo Frio Upwelling System located in a significantly productive area of Southeastern Brazil, under the control of the nutrient-poor western boundary Brazil Current but also with a wind-driven coastal upwelling zone, inducing cold-water intrusions of South Atlantic Central Water on the shelf. To understand these synergic interactions among physical and biogeochemical processes in the Cabo Frio shelf, a series of four experiments with a total of 98 discrete samples using sediment traps was performed from November 2010 to March 2012, located on the 145 m isobath on the edge of the continental shelf. The results showed that lateral transport might be relevant in some cases, especially in deep layers, although no clear seasonal cycle was detected. Two main physical-geochemical coupling scenarios were identified: singular downwelling events that can enhance particles fluxes and are potentially related to the Brazil Current oscillations; and events of significant fluxes related to the intrusion of the 18°C isotherm in the euphotic zone. The particulate matter settling in the Cabo Frio shelf area seems to belong to multiple marine and terrestrial sources, in which both Paraiba do Sul River and Guanabara Bay could be potential land-sources, although the particulate material might subject intense transformation (diagenesis) during its trajectory to the shelf edge.

Esta contribuição dirigiu-se aos procedimentos adotados para o desenho e configuração de uma linha de fundeio eulariana com armadilhas de sedimentação, a qual foi instalada na borda da plataforma (zm ≈ 140 m) a 80 km de Cabo Frio, SE-Brasil (23°S). O local foi sujeito à dinâmica entre a Água Tropical (AT) da Corrente do Brasil (BC), intrusões da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS), as quais são a fonte da ressurgência na região, e outros processos oceanográficos. Computações detalhadas foram utilizadas para aperfeiçoar o peso total, o balanço da flutuação e a inclinação máxima aceitável para evitar um erro hidrodinâmico na eficiência de captura e adaptação da linha do fundeio às condições oceanográficas locais, assistidas pelos programas Matlab e Muringa, e o Modelo Oceânico Modular 4,0 (MOM; para inferir a distribuição vertical do componente meridional da corrente). A faixa de velocidade da componente da corrente entre 0,1 e 0,5 m/s foi determinada através de medições curtas. As projeções levaram a um peso mínimo da âncora resultando em 456 kg. A tensão da linha requerida foi verificada utilizando a distribuição apropriada de uma série de bóias ao longo do fundeio, a qual finalmente alcançou uma alta carga vertical de 350 kg devido aos equipamentos oceanográficos incluídos. Aparelhos adicionais de flutuação resultaram em uma linha de fundeio estável como refletido pela baixa inclinação calculada (2,6° ± 0,6°). O baixo arrasto de 16 N foi computado para a corrente superficial máxima de 0,5 m/s. Os valores do número de Reynolds variaram de 4 × 104 para 2 × 105 e a razão da feição da armadilha cônica de 1,75 foi utilizada para avaliar a eficiência da amostragem da armadilha após exposição a diferentes velocidades de correntes.

This work addresses the design and configuration of a Eulerian sediment trap mooring array, which was deployed at the shelf edge (zm ≈ 140 m) 80 km off Cabo Frio, SE- Brazil (23° S). The site was subject to interplay between the Tropical Waters (TW) of the Brazil Current (BC), intrusions from the South Atlantic Central Waters (SACW), which are the source of upwelling in the region, and other oceanographic processes. Detailed computations were used to optimize the total weight, buoyancy balance, and maximum acceptable tilt to avoid hydrodynamic bias in the trapping efficiency and array adaptation to the local oceanographic conditions with the assistance of Matlab and Muringa programs and Modular Ocean Model 4.0 (MOM; i.e., to assert the vertical distribution of the meridional current component). The velocity range of the current component was determined by short term measurements to be between 0.1 and 0.5 m/s. Projections led to a resulting minimum anchor weight of 456 kg. The necessary line tension was ascertained by using the appropriate distribution of a series of buoys along the array, which finally attained a high vertical load of 350 kg because of the attached oceanographic equipment. Additional flotation devices resulted in a stable mooring array as reflected by their low calculated tilt (2.6° ± 0.6°). A low drag of 16 N was computed for the maximum surface current velocity of 0.5 m/s. The Reynolds number values ranged from 4 × 104 to 2 × 105 and a cone-trap aspect ratio of 1.75 was used to assess the trap sampling efficiency upon exposure to different current velocities.

The origin of the sedimentary organic matter in the Mundaú-Manguaba estuarine system was evaluated through the distribution and composition of sterols, alcohols and ancillary data. The muddy sediments of the lagoons are enriched in organic matter, derived from a mixture of autochthonous and allochthonous inputs. Mundaú exhibited moderate contamination by sewage, with coprostanol concentration as high as 4.4 µg g-1. The channels are characterized by sand and organic matter-poor sediments. The sediments from some rivers in the drainage basin accumulated organic matter derived only from terrestrial vegetation. Stanol/sterol ratios evidenced the preferential diagenesis of the autochthonous fraction of organic matter.

In a joint Brazilian-German case study, distribution patterns of microorganisms were compared with environmental variables in the tropical coastal Manguaba lagoon in northeast Brazil, which is situated downstream of several sugar cane processing plants . 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) gene fingerprinting were used to follow the composition and distribution of microorganisms throughout the salinity gradient of the lagoon. Potentially abundant microorganisms were identified by sequencing representative SSCP bands. It could be demonstrated that the distribution of microbes was in close relation to the physico-chemical environmental settings and followed a common scheme. In the in- and outlet areas of the lagoon rather transient microbial communities were found, whereas in the central part a stable, diverse community was encountered, that due to the long residence time of the water, had ample time for development and adaptation.

Este estudo concentra-se nos sistemas estuarinos tropicais de Mundaú-Manguaba (MMELS) e do Rio Paraíba do Sul (PSR), ambos no Brasil e afetados por práticas da monocultura da cana-de-açúcar e por urbanização. Os níveis de 17 hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), 16 dos quais são classificados como poluentes prioritários para estudos ambientais pela US-EPA e o perileno (HPA biogênico) foram avaliados nos sedimentos superficiais para identificar fontes da poluição e determinar níveis base como estratégias para gerenciamentos futuros. O Σ16HPAs variou de 2,90 a 231,30 μg kg-1 em MMELS e de 87,10 a 9344,29 μg kg-1 no PSR. As relações entre HPAs isômeros sugeriram principalmente fontes de origem pirogênica.

This study focuses on the tropical estuarine systems of Mundaú-Manguaba (MMELS) and Paraíba do Sul River (PSR), Brazil, affected by sugarcane monoculture practices and also urbanization. The levels of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 of which are classified as priority pollutants by the US-EPA and perylene (a biogenic PAH) were measured in surface sediments to identify pollution sources and determine baseline data looking for future management strategies. The Σ16PAH ranged from 2.90 to 231.30 μg kg-1 in MMELS and from 87.10 to 9344.29 μg kg-1 in the PSR. PAH isomeric ratios suggested mainly pyrogenic input.

Fatty acids, alcohols and sterols were considered as markers of the source and distribution of particulate organic matter during the dry season in the Mundaú-Manguaba estuarine-lagoon system, NE Brazil. Lipid composition showed an overwhelming influence of autochthonous sources of organic matter in all system´s compartments, including the probable occurrence of algal blooms in specific areas. On the other hand, contamination by sewage was restricted to Mundaú lagoon. This scenario differed from known conditions observed in the wet season, illustrating the usefulness of the lipid biomarker approach for the characterization of other complex and dynamic systems in the Brazilian coastal zone.

Triazinas foram analisadas no sistema tropical estuarino lagunar de Mundaú-Manguaba (MMELS), Estado de Alagoas, NE-Brasil, impactado pela monocultura de cana-de açúcar na sua bacia de drenagem. Amostras de água e sedimento foram coletadas em agosto/2006 (estação chuvosa) e fevereiro/2008 (estação seca da colheita) para determinação das triazinas: atrazina, simazina, desetilatrazina, desisopropilatrazina e desetil-desisopropilatrazina na fase dissolvida, no material particulado em suspensão e no sedimento de superfície. Amostras de água foram filtradas e após procedimento analítico, os extratos obtidos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). O método de análise para as triazinas em material particulado foi avaliado, obtendo recuperações entre 72-123 %, desvios padrão relativo de 4,2-22 % e limites de detecção de 0,2-0,3 ng L-1. Sedimentos fortificados a 10, 20 e 50 ng g-1 foram extraídos em sistema de extração acelerada por solvente (ASE) e as recuperações foram de 68-133%, desvio padrão relativo de 2-34 % e o limite de detecção de 0,6-1,2 ng g-1. Somente a atrazina foi detectada e em amostras de material particulado em suspensão durante a estação chuvosa em quatro pontos. As concentrações determinadas foram 3,1, 2,7, 1,6 e 0,7 ng L-1. Estes resultados sugerem que as triazinas são amplamente retidas e transformadas e/ou estejam sendo diluídas nas águas e degradadas devido ao metabolismo intenso no MMELS.

This study addresses triazines in the tropical and eutrophic Mundaú-Manguaba estuarine-lagoon system (MMELS) located in the State of Alagoas, NE-Brazil, affected by sugar-cane monoculture in its lower drainage basin. Water and sediment samples from MMELS were collected during the wet post-harvest season (August/2006) and the dry harvest season (February/2008). Trace analysis of the triazines atrazine, simazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and deethyldeisopropylatrazine were performed in surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and in the dissolved fraction in water. Water samples were filtered and after the analytical procedures, the resulting extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, the analytical method for suspended particulate matter was evaluated, the recovery being between 72-123 % with relative standard deviations of 4.2-22 % and limits of detection around 0.2-0.3 ng L-1. Sediments fortified at 10, 20 and 50 ng g-1 were extracted with the ASE system and recovery experiments lied between 68-133 % with relative standard deviations of 2-34 %. The limits of detection were of 0.6-1.2 ng g-1. Atrazine was the sole triazine detected and only in suspended particulate matter during the wet season at four sites, with low concentrations of 3.1, 2.7, 1.6 and 0.7 ng L-1. This suggests that triazines are either largely retained and transformed within the sugar-cane fields and/or are readily diluted in the waters and degraded due to the intense metabolism of MMELS.